Climate Change
➽ Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.
➽ Climate change is caused by natural factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain anthropogenic activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change.
Friday, March 10, 2017
Paleoclimatology: Past Climates: Holocene (integrated)
Climate Change in Holocene
(began approximately 11,700 BP):
Paleoclimatology: Past Climates: Pleistocene (integrated)
Climate Change in Pleistocene
(began approximately 2.588 million years BP to 11.700 years BP):
(began approximately 2.588 million years BP to 11.700 years BP):
Flood Management
Flood Management Techniques (Hard & Soft Engineering)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pFTI7GjBBE
Examples: Dam failures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlKZ8Ubx2rg
Over 100,000 dams in US rivers, most were only designed to last 50 years, and 1/4 of which have already passed their life expectancy.
Across the country, 1 in 10 dams in US are considered a threat to human life, and 13% of those are considered structurally unsafe and unstable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_failure
Additional Material:
Detailed Document (40 pages)
Tectonic Geomorphology as a cause for floods, governing rivers and streams:
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwji0qqilu_SAhVFwI8KHddoALoQFggpMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Frocky.ess.washington.edu%2Fgrg%2Fcourses10_11%2Fess326%2Ftextbook%2FChapter_12_review.doc&usg=AFQjCNHPWmfjj0_MwnTkcC5eFAwasVGzpQ&sig2=2X0e6raO6Gc4xwJguT21nw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pFTI7GjBBE
Examples: Dam failures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlKZ8Ubx2rg
Over 100,000 dams in US rivers, most were only designed to last 50 years, and 1/4 of which have already passed their life expectancy.
Across the country, 1 in 10 dams in US are considered a threat to human life, and 13% of those are considered structurally unsafe and unstable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_failure
Additional Material:
Detailed Document (40 pages)
Tectonic Geomorphology as a cause for floods, governing rivers and streams:
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwji0qqilu_SAhVFwI8KHddoALoQFggpMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Frocky.ess.washington.edu%2Fgrg%2Fcourses10_11%2Fess326%2Ftextbook%2FChapter_12_review.doc&usg=AFQjCNHPWmfjj0_MwnTkcC5eFAwasVGzpQ&sig2=2X0e6raO6Gc4xwJguT21nw
Geography of Global Economy
Structure of Economy:
- Primary: Extraction of Natural Resources
- Secondary: Transformation of commodity
- Tertiary: Distribution of products
- Quaternary: Intellectual Administration
Weighing:
Primary industry is majority, and forms the foundation. However, most susceptible to changes and fluctuations such as weather, global demand and supply, and is perishable and hence vulnerable.
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are firms which control and coordinate the activity of other firms in more than one country, made possible by owning subsidiaries, or by being the single largest buyer of inputs from the foreign firm. TNCs are a major contributor of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Such FDIs include the setting beup of manufacturing or production plants, through mergers and acquisitions, as well as the buying up of equity.
Impacts of TNCs:
(+)Point 1: Creation of Job opportunities
TNCs provide many jobs due to their labour intensive nature. These jobs give income to poorer rapidly developing economies and populations in particular.
However, this may not necessarily always be the case. Some jobs are given to skilled workers, which may come from abroad.
Examples:
(+)Point 2: Industrial Linkages
TNCs may create industrial linkages with domestic companies because they require the raw materials
However, this may not necessarily always be the case. TNCs may purchase or import their materials from overseas.
Examples: Nike can create industrial linkages with rubber plantation owners in Thailand to increase affordability/profit by reducing transport costs.
(+)Point 3: Joint Ventures
TNCs may engage in partnerships or join ventures with other companies. This is mutually beneficial, as TNCs profit financially, while domestic companies would receive the transfer of technology, expertise, knowledge, skills etc.
Examples: Hewlett Parkard (HP) may have joint venture with a Singaporean company to manufacture or research to produce a better printer.
(+)Point 4: Structural Shifts of Economies
Less developed economies can shift from agrarian to industrialised economies. This is usually perceived as positive because it involves moving to a higher value economy.
More developed countries can shift from secondary to tertiary and quaternary economies.
Examples:
(+)Point 5: Multiplier Effect
Economic term to refer to how an injection of money can lead to scaling after reinvestment. This effect is hard to quantify but can be easily observed.
Examples of observation:
(+)Point 6: Microfinancing
Granting of small loans are important avenues for entrepreneurship, can lead to independence and the breaking of vicious cycle of poverty as families do not need to loan from illegal money lenders of high interest rates which entrench them. Scholarships at low or no interest are thus a positive effect of TNCs.
Examples: Microloans from TNCs like Grameen Bank and Citibank Citi Foundation.
Scholarships from Shell and Philip Morris also help people living in poorer countries.
(-)Point 7: Footloose nature
- Primary: Extraction of Natural Resources
- Secondary: Transformation of commodity
- Tertiary: Distribution of products
- Quaternary: Intellectual Administration
Weighing:
Primary industry is majority, and forms the foundation. However, most susceptible to changes and fluctuations such as weather, global demand and supply, and is perishable and hence vulnerable.
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are firms which control and coordinate the activity of other firms in more than one country, made possible by owning subsidiaries, or by being the single largest buyer of inputs from the foreign firm. TNCs are a major contributor of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Such FDIs include the setting beup of manufacturing or production plants, through mergers and acquisitions, as well as the buying up of equity.
Impacts of TNCs:
(+)Point 1: Creation of Job opportunities
TNCs provide many jobs due to their labour intensive nature. These jobs give income to poorer rapidly developing economies and populations in particular.
However, this may not necessarily always be the case. Some jobs are given to skilled workers, which may come from abroad.
Examples:
(+)Point 2: Industrial Linkages
TNCs may create industrial linkages with domestic companies because they require the raw materials
However, this may not necessarily always be the case. TNCs may purchase or import their materials from overseas.
Examples: Nike can create industrial linkages with rubber plantation owners in Thailand to increase affordability/profit by reducing transport costs.
(+)Point 3: Joint Ventures
TNCs may engage in partnerships or join ventures with other companies. This is mutually beneficial, as TNCs profit financially, while domestic companies would receive the transfer of technology, expertise, knowledge, skills etc.
Examples: Hewlett Parkard (HP) may have joint venture with a Singaporean company to manufacture or research to produce a better printer.
(+)Point 4: Structural Shifts of Economies
Less developed economies can shift from agrarian to industrialised economies. This is usually perceived as positive because it involves moving to a higher value economy.
More developed countries can shift from secondary to tertiary and quaternary economies.
Examples:
(+)Point 5: Multiplier Effect
Economic term to refer to how an injection of money can lead to scaling after reinvestment. This effect is hard to quantify but can be easily observed.
Examples of observation:
(+)Point 6: Microfinancing
Granting of small loans are important avenues for entrepreneurship, can lead to independence and the breaking of vicious cycle of poverty as families do not need to loan from illegal money lenders of high interest rates which entrench them. Scholarships at low or no interest are thus a positive effect of TNCs.
Examples: Microloans from TNCs like Grameen Bank and Citibank Citi Foundation.
Scholarships from Shell and Philip Morris also help people living in poorer countries.
(-)Point 7: Footloose nature
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