Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere.[1] Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment.[2]
⭄ There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.[3]
Wednesday, March 15, 2017
Sunday, March 12, 2017
Atmospheric Circulation (integrated)
Global Atmospheric Circulation
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth.
⇰ The Earth's weather is a consequence of its illumination by the Sun, and the laws of thermodynamics. There are differences in shortwave solar radiation received and longwave terrestrial radiation emitted for the earth at the equatorial and the polar regions (specifically, the torrid zones and the friggid zones).
⇰ The atmospheric circulation can be viewed as a heat engine driven by the Sun's energy, and whose energy sink, ultimately, is the blackness of space. The work produced by that engine causes the motion of the masses of air and in that process it redistributes the energy absorbed by the Earth's surface near the tropics to space and incidentally to the latitudes nearer the poles.
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth.
⇰ The Earth's weather is a consequence of its illumination by the Sun, and the laws of thermodynamics. There are differences in shortwave solar radiation received and longwave terrestrial radiation emitted for the earth at the equatorial and the polar regions (specifically, the torrid zones and the friggid zones).
⇰ The atmospheric circulation can be viewed as a heat engine driven by the Sun's energy, and whose energy sink, ultimately, is the blackness of space. The work produced by that engine causes the motion of the masses of air and in that process it redistributes the energy absorbed by the Earth's surface near the tropics to space and incidentally to the latitudes nearer the poles.
Saturday, March 11, 2017
Tropical Climatic Zones (integrated)
Climate Classification
The variations in interactions between planet earth and the spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere) give each location certain distinct climatic characteristics. In order to conveniently analyse them, there is a need to classify them. This would simplify all the climatic types into a few groups, each with their own unique climatic character.
The variations in interactions between planet earth and the spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere) give each location certain distinct climatic characteristics. In order to conveniently analyse them, there is a need to classify them. This would simplify all the climatic types into a few groups, each with their own unique climatic character.
Friday, March 10, 2017
The Science of Climate Change (integrated)
Climate Change
➽ Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.
➽ Climate change is caused by natural factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain anthropogenic activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change.
➽ Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.
➽ Climate change is caused by natural factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain anthropogenic activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change.
Paleoclimatology: Past Climates: Holocene (integrated)
Climate Change in Holocene
(began approximately 11,700 BP):
Paleoclimatology: Past Climates: Pleistocene (integrated)
Climate Change in Pleistocene
(began approximately 2.588 million years BP to 11.700 years BP):
(began approximately 2.588 million years BP to 11.700 years BP):
Flood Management
Flood Management Techniques (Hard & Soft Engineering)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pFTI7GjBBE
Examples: Dam failures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlKZ8Ubx2rg
Over 100,000 dams in US rivers, most were only designed to last 50 years, and 1/4 of which have already passed their life expectancy.
Across the country, 1 in 10 dams in US are considered a threat to human life, and 13% of those are considered structurally unsafe and unstable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_failure
Additional Material:
Detailed Document (40 pages)
Tectonic Geomorphology as a cause for floods, governing rivers and streams:
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwji0qqilu_SAhVFwI8KHddoALoQFggpMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Frocky.ess.washington.edu%2Fgrg%2Fcourses10_11%2Fess326%2Ftextbook%2FChapter_12_review.doc&usg=AFQjCNHPWmfjj0_MwnTkcC5eFAwasVGzpQ&sig2=2X0e6raO6Gc4xwJguT21nw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pFTI7GjBBE
Examples: Dam failures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlKZ8Ubx2rg
Over 100,000 dams in US rivers, most were only designed to last 50 years, and 1/4 of which have already passed their life expectancy.
Across the country, 1 in 10 dams in US are considered a threat to human life, and 13% of those are considered structurally unsafe and unstable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_failure
Additional Material:
Detailed Document (40 pages)
Tectonic Geomorphology as a cause for floods, governing rivers and streams:
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwji0qqilu_SAhVFwI8KHddoALoQFggpMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Frocky.ess.washington.edu%2Fgrg%2Fcourses10_11%2Fess326%2Ftextbook%2FChapter_12_review.doc&usg=AFQjCNHPWmfjj0_MwnTkcC5eFAwasVGzpQ&sig2=2X0e6raO6Gc4xwJguT21nw
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